Grammatical gender of adjectives
Adjective is an inflected part of speech, which determines features of animates, objects, notions and states. Adjectives inflect for cases, numbers and grammatical gender.
In the Polish language, there are three adjective genders in singular number: masculine, feminine and neuter. In plural number, there are two genders: masculine personal and non-masculine personal (masculine animate, masculine inanimate, feminine and neuter).
Most adjectives in nominative singular and plural numbers have the following endings:
- Masculine gender ends in -y/-i, e.g.:
mały, duży, biały / wysoki, niski, niebieski - Feminine gender ends in -a, e.g.:
mała, duża, biała, wysoka, niska, niebieska - Neuter gender ends in -e, e.g.:
małe, duże, białe, wysokie, niskie, niebieskie - Masculine personal gender ends in -y/-i, e.g.:
wysocy, niscy, niebiescy / mali, duzi, biali - Non-masculine gender ends in -e, e.g.:
małe, duże, białe, wysokie, niskie, niebieskie
Adjectives answer the question:
Jaki on jest? /Jaki jest (ten) projekt? -Projekt jest nowy / stary / interesujący. Jaka ona jest? /Jaka jest (ta) praca? -Praca jest kreatywna / inspirująca / nudna. Jakie ono jest? /Jakie jest (to) biuro? -Biuro jest nowe / ładne. Jacy oni są? /Jacy są (ci) pracownicy? -Pracownicy są nowi / kreatywni / dobrzy / wysocy. Jakie one są? /Jakie są (te) dziewczyny / dzieci / zwierzęta / komputery? -Dziewczyny / Dzieci / Zwierzęta / Komputery są kreatywne / ładne / miłe / nowe / dobre / wysokie.
Singular number
masculine gender | feminine gender | neuter gender |
---|---|---|
Plural number
masculine personal gender | non-masculine personal gender |
---|---|
Agreement between a noun and an adjective
An adjective relating to a noun takes on an ending relevant for the grammatical gender of that noun. E.g.:
Inflection of hard-stem adjectives
Singular number
Case | masculine gender ( | neuter gender ( | feminine gender ( | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
persons | animals | objects | |||
Nominative = Vocative | |||||
Genitive | |||||
Dative | |||||
Accusative | |||||
Instrumental | |||||
Locative |
Plural number
Case | masculine personal gender ( | non-masculine personal gender ( | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative = Vocative | |||||
Genitive | |||||
Dative | |||||
Accusative | |||||
Instrumental | |||||
Locative |
Inflection of soft-stem adjectives
Singular number
Case | masculine gender ( | neuter gender ( | feminine gender ( | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
persons | animals | objects | |||
Nominative = Vocative | |||||
Genitive | |||||
Dative | |||||
Accusative | |||||
Instrumental | |||||
Locative |
Plural number
Case | masculine personal gender ( | non-masculine personal gender ( | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative = Vocative | |||||
Genitive | |||||
Dative | |||||
Accusative | |||||
Instrumental | |||||
Locative |
Comparison of adjectives - regular and irregular
Comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives are used only when comparing objects, people or situations.
A comparative degree is formed by using suffixes specific for each gender -szy (masculine) / -sza (feminine) / -sze (neuter), which are added to the positive degree of adjective.
A superlative degree is formed by using the prefix naj- (the same for all genders) added to the comparative degree.
Regular comparison of adjectives - synthetic
Gender | Positive (adjective) | Comparative | Superlative |
---|---|---|---|
masculine gender | |||
feminine gender | |||
neuter gender |
Structure of the adjective stem and forming a comparative adjective
one consonant + -szy / -sza / -sze
two consonants + -ejszy / -ejsza / -ejsze
Alternations in adjective stems - regular, synthetic comparison
Alternations in single-consonant stems
- a : e →
biały -bielszy -najbielszy - ą : ę →
gorący -gorętszy -najgorętszy (+ c : t) - o : e →
wesoły -weselszy -najweselszy (+ ł : l) - g : ż →
długi -dłuższy -najdłuższy - ł : l →
miły -milszy -najmilszy - n : ń →
czerwony -czerwieńszy -najczerwieńszy
Alternations in two-consonant stems
- ł : l →
ciepły -cieplejszy -najcieplejszy - n : ni →
brudny -brudniejszy -najbrudniejszy - r : rz →
mądry -mądrzejszy -najmądrzejszy - sn : śni →
jasny -jaśniejszy -najjaśniejszy - w : wi →
łatwy -łatwiejszy -najłatwiejszy
Alternation s : ż
bliski -bliższy -najbliższy niski -niższy -najniższy wąski -wąższy -najwęższy (+ ą : ę)wysoki -wyższy -najwyższy
Omitting -k- / -ek- / -ok- in the adjective stem of comparative and superlative degrees
brzydki -brzydszy -najbrzydszy daleki -dalszy -najdalszy szeroki -szerszy -najszerszy
Irregular comparison of adjectives
Gender | Positive (adjective) | Comparative | Superlative |
---|---|---|---|
masculine gender | |||
feminine gender | |||
neuter gender |
Analytical comparison of adjectives
Analytical comparison of adjectives concerns those adjectives which in the basic form have four and more syllables. A comparative degree is formed by using the word
Comparative
Positive (adjective) | Comparative |
---|---|
Superlative
Positive (adjective) | Superlative |
---|---|
Comparative degree in comparisons
In comparative constructions, a comparative adjective form is used. A comparative is used in sentences, in which two nouns are compared, e.g.:
noun + verb + comparative adjective +
Nowy projekt jest lepszy niż stary. Nowy rower jest gorszy niż stary. Twoja praca jest bardziej kreatywna niż moja. Praca Marcina jest bardziej inspirująca niż praca Beaty.
Adjectives formed from nouns
Adjectives can be formed from other parts of speech (e.g. a noun, verb, or adjective). An adjective can be formed from a noun by adding a suffix:
- -owy:
dom →domowy ,jabłko →jabłkowy - -ny:
dzień →dzienny ,szkoła →szkolny - -ski:
Polak →polski ,Polka →polska ,Kraków →krakowski - -cki:
Katowice →katowicki
Sound alternation may occur in the suffix -ski. The suffix -ski is most often added to own names and personal names, while suffixes -owy / -ny form adjectives from common nouns.
Compound adjectives
Compound adjectives are derived words that are formed from two basic adjectives, e.g.
Compound adjectives are connected with the use a word part -o-. E.g.:
Spelling of compound adjectives
Adjectives composed of elements having unequal meaning, i.e. those in which the second element of such adjective contains the main meaning, while the first element defines this meaning more closely, are written together, e.g.
Adjectives composed of two elements having equal meaning are written with a hyphen (-), e.g.