Order of words in a simple sentence
The basic constituents of a sentences are subject and predicate. A sentence usually contains words complementing the subject and predicate, e.g.
- subject (modifiers) + predicate (modifiers)
Nowy autobus zatrzymał się na przystanku.
In the Polish language, an interrogative sentence begins with the particle
- We start the decision (close-ended) question with the particle
czy , which we add to the declarative sentence. The word order in the sentence remains the same:Czy + subject (modifiers) + predicate (modifiers)?Czy idziesz jutro do pracy? Czy autobus zatrzymuje się na tym przystanku?
- Completion (open-ended) questions begin with different interrogative pronouns, e.g.
jaki, który, jak, kiedy, gdzie, dokąd, dlaczego, kogo/czego . The pronoun is usually followed by the subject and then the verb:- Interrogative pronoun + subject (modifiers) + predicate (modifiers)?
Kiedy dzieci wyjeżdżają na wakacje? Która książka najbardziej ci się spodobała?
- Questions about subject begin with an interrogative pronoun:
kto/co , after which predicate is used:Kto/co + predicate (modifiers)?Co leży na stole? Kto jest pierwszy na mecie?
- Questions about a feature expressed by a predicate begin with interrogative pronouns:
który, jaki, kim/czym . These pronouns are followed by a linking verb and then the subject:Jaki/który, kim/czym + linking verb + subject (modifiers)?Kim jest Marcin? Jaki jest ten drugi pokój?
syntax.simple_sentence.title2
The order of the reflexive pronoun
If the verb is located at the end of the sentence, then the pronoun
The pronoun
Subject
Subject is the main part of the sentence, which indicates the doer of an activity. Typical subject is in the nominative case and answers the questions:
Kobieta idzie do pracy. Liście opadają z drzew. Ktoś zapukał do drzwi. Oni interesują się teatrem.
Subject may also be a different part of speech, which functions as a noun: an adjective or numeral, e.g.
Subject may be composed of two or more words in the nominative case and connected by a connector
Filip i Beata idą na koncert. Brzozy, dęby i sosny rosły w tym lesie.
Two words connected by a preposition
Implied subject occurs when 1st and 2nd person singular and plural pronouns are ommitted in a sentence, and we may imply them based on the predicative form, e.g.
(Ja) Dzwoniłem do ciebie. (My) Dużo podróżujemy.
Subject in the genitive case is used for verbs denoting excess or shortage of something as well as in structures involving numerals, e.g.
Wody w rzekach przybywa. Sześć samochodów stało na parkingu.
Predicate
Predicate is the most important part of sentence which determines the subject, i.e. denotes its activity, state or feature and answers questions:
Predicate is usually a verb in personal form, in different tenses (present, future, past) of indicative mood, as well as in imperative and conditional moods, e.g.
Magda i Beata robią zakupy. Oni byli w Warszawie. Znajdź przepis na sernik w Internecie. Przeczytałbym tę książkę, jest ciekawa.
The form of the verb acting as predicate depends on the subject type. If subject is in the nominative case, predicate agrees with such subject in person and number, whilst in past tense, future compound tense and in conditional mood, predicate agrees with subject also in gender, e.g.
Ja kupię kwiaty, a ty upiecz sernik. Monika poszła do szkoły.
In sentences including a compound subject, predicate is in plural number, e.g.
Jabłka, grusze i pomarańcze leżą na stole. Dziewczynki i chłopcy kąpią się w rzece. Magda z koleżanką piją herbatę.
If subject includes plural nouns denoting men or mixed gender groups, then in past tense, future compound tense and in conditional mood, predicate takes the masculine personal form, whilst other nouns require the non-masculine personal form, e.g.
Państwo Nowakowie wrócili z Poznania. Marcin z Beatą poszli do kina. Książki i zeszyty leżały na stole. Studenci chętnie wyjechaliby nad morze.
Subject in the genitive case always takes predicate in 3rd person singular, whilst in past tense, future compound tense and in conditional mood, predicate takes the neuter gender form.
Zabrakło nam pieniędzy. Pięciu studentów uczyło się języka polskiego.
Another type of predicate is nominal predicate, which answers the question:
Dzień był słoneczny. Magda jest nauczycielką. Brat został lekarzem. Kuba jest taki. Monika była pierwsza na mecie. Nagle zrobiło się ciemno.
A complement taking the form of a noun or personal pronoun is in the instrumental case, e.g.
A complement taking the form of an adjective, possessive pronoun or demonstrative pronoun and ordinal numeral is in the nominative case and agrees with subject in gender and number, e.g.
The third type of predicate is modal predicate consisting of a personal form of a modal verb
Musisz przeczytać tę książkę. Pies chce pić. Tutaj można mówić głośno. Należy podziękować wszystkim. Nie trzeba się spóźniać.
Dopełnienie
Most verbs in a sentence require an object, which answers questions of objective cases:
Córka pomaga (komu?) matce. Kocham (kogo?) go. Czekamy (na kogo?) na ciebie. Rozmawiamy (o czym?) o pogodzie. Magda spotkała się (z kim?) z Beatą.
Quite commonly, a verb may have multiple objects, e.g.
Verb imposes on object the relevant grammatical form, i.e. grammatical case.
Genitive
kogo/czego?
Verb | Examples of use |
---|---|
Dative
komu/czemu?
Verb | Examples of use |
---|---|
Accusative
kogo/co?
Verb | Examples of use |
---|---|
Instrumental
kim/czym?
Verb | Examples of use |
---|---|
Locative
o kim/czym?
Verb | Examples of use |
---|---|
Object, which in a declarative sentence takes the form of accusative, in a negative sentence takes the form of genitive.
Declarative sentence - accusative | Negative sentence - genitive |
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Relationship of adjective to noun
Adjective agrees with noun, which means that it adjusts to noun in terms of gender, number and case. In singular number, adjective has three genders: masculine, e.g.
Adjectives and nouns have different inflection patterns and different endings.
Singular number
masculine gender | feminine gender | neuter gender | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | |||
Genitive | |||
Dative | |||
Accusative | |||
Instrumental | |||
Locative |
Plural number
masculine personal gender | non-masculine personal gender | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | ||
Genitive | ||
Dative | ||
Accusative | ||
Instrumental | ||
Locative |
In the accusative case of singular masculine, combination of adjective and animate noun (naming people and animals) takes the genitive form, e.g.
In plural accusative, combination of adjective with masculine personal noun (naming men or mixed groups) takes the form of genitive, e.g.
In the same manner - thus adjusting the gender, number and case - other modifiers can be combined with noun, such as:
- possessive pronoun, e.g.
twój brat, nasza rodzina, moje mieszkanie - demonstrative pronoun, e.g.
ten rower, ta dziewczyna, te imieniny - interrogative pronoun, e.g.
jaki koncert? jaka pogoda? jakie spodnie? - ordinal numeral, e.g.
pierwszy rok, piąta godzina, trzecie miejsce
The said pronouns and ordinal numerals inflect in accordance with the same pattern as adjectives, e.g.
Word order of pronouns and ordinal numerals is strictly determined; they are placed always in front of a noun, e.g.
Word order of adjective depends on its meaning. If an adjective names a non-fixed (qualitative) feature, it precedes a noun, e.g.
Connection of noun with noun in the genitive case
A noun can act as a modifier for another noun, e.g.
A modifier in the genitive case takes the following endings:
Singular number
masculine gender | feminine gender | neuter gender | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
-a -u | -y -i | -a |
Plural number
masculine gender | feminine gender | neuter gender | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
-ów -i/-y | - -i/-y | - |
A modifier in the genitive case has various meanings and answers various questions. Most commonly:
- is of qualitative nature and answers the question
jaki/jaka/jakie? , e.g.język gestów, koncert muzyki klasycznej, miejsce spotkań. - denotes possession and answers the question
czyj/czyja/czyje? , e.g.dom rodziców, pokój córki, powieść Olgi Tokarczuk. . - appears after nouns denoting quantity and answers the question
czego? , e.g.szklanka cukru, filiżanka kawy, kilogram jabłek .
Connection of numeral and noun
The form of numeral in relationship to noun depends on the number it denotes and gender of the noun with which it connects.
Numeral
Numeral
masculine personal gender | r. niemęskoosobowy i nijaki | feminine gender |
---|---|---|
The forms
Numerals
masculine personal gender | non-masculine personal gender |
---|---|
The non-masculine personal forms
There are two forms in masculine personal gender. The forms
Numerals denoting numbers from 5 to 900 have two forms: masculine personal and non-masculine personal. Both forms combine with plural nouns in the genitive case.
masculine personal gender | non-masculine personal gender |
---|---|
If a compound numeral ends with the word
Plural nouns in the genitive case take the following endings.
masculine gender | feminine gender | neuter gender | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
-ów -i/-y | - -i/-y | - |
Coordinative compound clauses
Coordinative compound sentences consist of two clauses which complement each other in meaning but are grammatically independent. These clauses can be joined directly, e.g.
There are several types of coordinative compound sentences with specific conjunctions.
Sentence type | Relations between clauses | Conjunctions | An example |
---|---|---|---|
coordinative clause | the content of each clause links to one another | ||
disjunctive clause | the content of each clause excludes another | ||
clauses of contrast | the content of each clause contradicts another | ||
clauses of result | the content of the second sentence follows from the content of the first sentence |
Subordinate compound clauses
Subordinate compound sentence consists of two clauses - an independent clause (the main clause which we ask about) and a subordinate clause (an auxiliary clause which responds to the questions) - which depend on one another. A subordinate clause replaces (or complements) an unexpressed part of the main clause, such as subject, predicate, attribute, object, or adverbial.
There are a few types of subordinate compound clauses.
Sentence type | Relations between clauses | An example |
---|---|---|
Subject clause | Subordinate clause which replaces subject in the main clause and responds to questions: | |
Predicative clause | Subordinate clause which replaces predicate in the main clause and responds to questions: | |
Attributive clause | Subordinate clause which replaces attribute in the main clause and responds to questions: | |
Object clause | Subordinate clause replaces object of the main clause and responds to questions: | |
Adverbial clause of purpose | Subordinate clause which replaces adverbial of purpose in the main clause and responds to questions: | |
Adverbial clause of time | Subordinate clause which replaces adverbial of time in the main clause and responds to questions: | |
Adverbial clause of place | Subordinate clause which replaces adverbial of place in the main clause and responds to questions: | |
Adverbial clause of reason | Subordinate clause which replaces adverbial of reason in the main clause and responds to questions: | |
Adverbial clause of manner | Subordinate clause, which replaces adverbial of manner in the main clause, responds to questions: | |
Adverbial clause of concession | Subordinate clause which replaces adverbial of concession in the main clause and responds to questions: | |
Adverbial clause of condition | Subordinate clause which responds to adverbial of condition in the main clause and responds to questions: |
Order of compound clauses in a subordinate compound sentence
Subordinate clause may be located:
- after the main clause, e.g.
Nie byłam w pracy (dlaczego?), ponieważ źle się czułam. - before the main clause, e.g.
Ponieważ źle się czułam, nie byłam w pracy (dlaczego?). - within the main clause, e.g.
Książka (która?), którą kupiłam, była ciekawa.