Grammatical gender of nouns
Noun is an inflected part of speech determining things, objects, places and persons. Noun is inflected for numbers and cases, and it has genders.
In Polish, there are three genders in singular number: masculine (
Nominative singular of most nouns has the following endings:
- Masculine gender ends with a consonant (e.g.
syn, pies, brat ). - Feminine gender ends with -a (e.g.
mama, ulica, córka ). - Neuter gender ends with -o (e.g.
kino, auto, nazwisko or -emieszkanie, spotkanie ).
Number of nouns
Nouns can have singular or plural number.
Singular number is used when talking about one object (e.g.
Plural number is used when talking about a number of objects (e.g.
Some nouns have only plural number (e.g.
Inflection of nouns
In the Polish language, there are seven cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative and vocative. The case of a noun is determined by means of a question.
Singular number
Gender | masculine animate ( | masculine inanimate ( | feminine ( | neuter ( |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | ||||
Genitive | ||||
Dative | ||||
Accusative | ||||
Instrumental | ||||
Locative | ||||
Vocative |
Plural number
Gender | masculine personal ( | non-masculine personal ( |
---|---|---|
Nominative | ||
Genitive | ||
Dative | ||
Accusative | ||
Instrumental | ||
Locative | ||
Vocative |
Nominative
Nominative is the basic form of a noun. In a sentence, nominative is never used with prepositions. Nominative answers the questions:
In nominative singular, most nouns have the following endings:
- Masculine gender ends with a consonant (e.g.
syn, pies, brat ). - Feminine gender ends with -a (e.g.
mama, ulica, córka ). - Neuter gender ends with -o (e.g.
kino, auto, nazwisko or -emieszkanie, spotkanie ).
Some nouns have non-typical endings in nominative singular:
- ending -a also appears in masculine gender (
ten kolega, mężczyzna, dentysta ), - ending –ę appears in neuter gender (
to imię, kurczę ), - nouns in feminine gender may end with a consonant (
ta krew, kość ).
Plural number
The locative case of non-masculine nouns most often takes on the ending –y (
Nouns with stem word ending in the nominative case of singular number in –k, -g, take on the ending –i (
Nouns with stem word ending in the nominative case of singular number in –ń, -sz, -cz, -rz, -ż, -l, -j, -c, -dz, -ś, -ć, -ź, take on the ending –e (
Rzeczowniki, które są w liczbie pojedynczej rodzaju nijakiego, przybierają w liczbie mnogiej końcówkę –a (
Movable (reduced) e
Some nouns, when inflected, undergo changes in the root (e.g.
Nominative case of masculine personal nouns takes on ending –owie (
Masculine nouns ending in singular number in –k, -g(a), -r, -ec take on ending –y (
Masculine nouns ending in singular number in -d, -ch, -sta, –t(a) take on ending –i (
Masculine nouns ending in singular number in –c, –cz, -l, -rz, -sz, -ść take on ending –e (
Some masculine nouns have untypical endings in the nominative case of plural number, e.g.
Genitive
Genitive is used after prepositions:
Some verbs (e.g.
Some masculine inanimate nouns in genitive singular form have the ending -u. Often, these are short words (
Plural number
Rzeczowniki, które są w mianowniku (
Rzeczowniki, które są w mianowniku liczby pojedynczej zakończone na samogłoskę, mają w dopełniaczu liczby mnogiej tzw. końcówkę zero (
Movable (reduced) e
Some nouns, when inflected, undergo changes in the root (e.g.
Plural nouns, which are feminine and neuter in singular number, have the so called zero ending in genitive. If in the word ending there are two consonants, in between such consonants a vowel will appear e (e.g.
Dative
Prepositions followed by dative:
Dative follows some verbs:
In the Polish language, endings of dative are in masculine gender -owi (e.g.
Note! Alternating sounds:
- ch + e = sze (
mucha →musze ) - d + e = dzie (
woda →wodzie ) - g + e = dze (
kolega →koledze ) - k + e = ce (
matka →matce ) - r + e = rze (
siostra →siostrze ) - zd + e = ździe (
gwiazda →gwieździe ) - dz → g (
koledzy →kolegom ) - ć → t (
klienci →klientom )
Accusative
Accusative follows prepositions:
Accusative is used after the following verbs:
Some nouns, when inflected, also show changes in the stem (e.g.
Plural number
Accusative case of non-masculine personal nouns is the same as nominative case. E.g.:
Accusative case of masculine personal nouns is the same as genitive case. E.g.:
Instrumental
Instrumental follows prepositions:
Locative
Locative is used after the following prepositions:
Nouns with a hard stem have in locative the ending -e (e.g.
Nouns in neuter and masculine gender with a soft stem and a stem ending with
Some nouns in feminine gender have the ending –i/-y (e.g.
Note! Alternating sounds:
- ch + e = sze (
mucha →o musze ) - d + e = dzie (
woda →w wodzie ) - g + e = dze (
noga →o nodze ) - k + e = ce (
matka →o matce ) - ł + e = le (
stół →na stole ) - r + e = rze (
rower →na rowerze ) - sł + e = śle (
krzesło →na krześle ) - st + e = ście (
miasto →w mieście ) - t + e = cie (
uniwersytet – na uniwersytecie ) - zd + e = ździe (
gwiazda →o gwieździe )
Plural number
The locative case in plural number ends with –ach (
Vocative
Vocative is used when addressing someone.
In colloquial speech, the vocative case is often replaced by the nominative case, e.g.
However, in official situations, when addressing someone, we use the vocative case, e.g.
Masculine nouns with the stem ending in hard consonant take on the ending –ie (
Masculine nouns with the stem ending in soft consonant, nouns ending in -k, -g, -ch and diminutives of female given names take on the ending -u (
Feminine nouns take on the ending -o (
Gerunds
Nouns which name acts and states are called gerunds. For most verbs, they are formed by cutting off an inflectional ending and adding a suffix to the stem -anie, -enie, -cie, e.g.:
budować →budowanie biegać →bieganie projektować →projektowanie
chodzić →chodzenie robić →robienie mówić →mówienie
być →bycie pić →picie myć →mycie
Forming feminatives
Feminatives are formed from most masculine nouns by adding the suffix -ka, e.g.:
masculine gender | feminine gender |
---|---|
In the Polish language, there are no feminative forms of some masculine names of academic titles, professions or job positions. A masculine name is then supplemented with the noun
masculine gender | feminine gender |
---|---|
In job advertisements and some communications names of job positions may relate to both genders although feminatives ......
Creating names of doers
Nouns which denote doers are formed with the use of derivational word parts, e.g. -arz, -ec, -ik.
- -arz (
piłkarz, bramkarz, dziennikarz, pisarz, siatkarz ) - -ec (
strzelec ) - -ik (
przewodnik, napastnik, zawodnik, przeciwnik )